While the earliest known Japanese एनीमेशन dates to 1917, and many original Japanese कार्टून were produced in the ensuing decades, the characteristic ऐनीमे style developed in the 1960s—notably with the work of Osamu Tezuka—and became known outside जापान in the 1980s.
Anime, like manga, has a large audience in जापान and recognition throughout the world. Distributors can release ऐनीमे via टेलीविज़न broadcasts, directly to video, या theatrically, as well as online.
Both hand-drawn and computer-animated ऐनीमे exist. It is used in टेलीविज़न series, films, video, video games, commercials, and internet-based releases, and represents most, if not all, genres of fiction. As the market for ऐनीमे increased in Japan, it also gained popularity in East and Southeast Asia. ऐनीमे is currently लोकप्रिय in many different regions around the world.
HISTORY:
ऐनीमे began at the start of the 20th century, when Japanese filmmakers experimented with the एनीमेशन techniques also pioneered in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia.[3] The oldest known ऐनीमे in existence first screened in 1917 – a two-minute clip of a samurai trying to test a new sword on his target, only to suffer defeat.[4][5] Early pioneers included Shimokawa Oten, Jun'ichi Kouchi, and Seitarō Kitayama.[6]
द्वारा the 1930s एनीमेशन became an alternative format of storytelling to the live-action industry in Japan. But it suffered competition from foreign producers and many animators, such as Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata still worked in cheaper cutout not cel animation, although with masterful results.[7] Other creators, such as Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo, nonetheless made great strides in एनीमेशन technique, especially with increasing help from a government using एनीमेशन in education and propaganda.[8] The first talkie ऐनीमे was Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka, produced द्वारा Masaoka in 1933.[9][10] The first feature length animated film was Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors directed द्वारा Seo in 1945 with sponsorship द्वारा the Imperial Japanese Navy.[11]
The success of The Walt डिज़्नी Company's 1937 feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs influenced Japanese animators.[12] In the 1960s, मांगा artist and animator Osamu Tezuka adapted and simplified many डिज़्नी animation-techniques to reduce costs and to the number of frames in productions. He intended this as a temporary measure to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced animation-staff.
The 1970s saw a surge of growth in the popularity of मांगा – many of them later animated. The work of Osamu Tezuka drew particular attention: he has been called a "legend"[13] and the "god of manga".[14][15] His work – and that of other pioneers in the field – inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of ऐनीमे today. The giant robot genre (known as "Mecha" outside Japan), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed into the Super Robot genre under Go Nagai and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade द्वारा Yoshiyuki Tomino who developed the Real Robot genre. Robot ऐनीमे like the Gundam and The Super Dimension Fortress Macross series became instant classics in the 1980s, and the robot genre of ऐनीमे is still one of the most common in जापान and worldwide today. In the 1980s, ऐनीमे became और accepted in the mainstream in जापान (although less than manga), and experienced a boom in production. Following a few successful adaptations of ऐनीमे in overseas markets in the 1980s, ऐनीमे gained increased acceptance in those markets in the 1990s and even और at the turn of the 21st century.
TERMINOLOGY:
Japanese write the English term "animation" in katakana as アニメーション (animēshon, pronounced [animeːɕoɴ]), and the term アニメ (anime, pronounced [anime] ( listen) in Japanese) emerged in the 1970s as an abbreviation.[16] Others claim that the word derives from the French phrase dessin animé.[3] Japanese-speakers use both the original and abbreviated forms interchangeably, but the shorter form occurs और commonly.
The pronunciation of ऐनीमे in Japanese, [anime], differs significantly from the Standard English /ˈænɪmeɪ/, which has different vowels and stress. (In Japanese each mora carries equal stress.) As with a few other Japanese words such as saké, Pokémon, and Kobo Abé, अंग्रेजी भाषा texts sometimes spell ऐनीमे as animé (as in French), with an acute accent over the final e, to cue the reader to pronounce the letter, not to leave it silent as English orthography might suggest.
Word usage:
In Japan, the term ऐनीमे does not specify an animation's nation of origin या style; instead, it serves as a blanket term to refer to all forms of एनीमेशन from around the world.[17][18] अंग्रेजी भाषा dictionaries define ऐनीमे as "a Japanese style of motion-picture animation" या as "a style of एनीमेशन developed in Japan".[19][20]
Non-Japanese works that borrow stylization from ऐनीमे are commonly referred to as "anime-influenced animation" but it is not unusual for a viewer who does not know the country of origin of such material to refer to it as simply "anime". Some works result from co-productions with non-Japanese companies, such as most of the traditionally animated Rankin/Bass works, the Cartoon Network and Production I.G series IGPX या Ōban Star-Racers; different viewers may या may not consider these anime.
In English, anime, when used as a common noun, normally functions as a mass noun (for example: "Do आप watch anime?", "How much ऐनीमे have आप collected?"). However, in casual usage the word also appears as a count noun. ऐनीमे can also be used as a suppletive adjective या classifier noun ("The ऐनीमे Guyver is different from the movie Guyver").
synonyms:
English-speakers occasionally refer to ऐनीमे as "Japanimation", but this term has fallen into disuse. "Japanimation" saw the most usage during the 1970s and 1980s, but the term "anime" supplanted it in the mid-1990s as the material became और widely known in English-speaking countries. In general, the term now only appears in nostalgic contexts. Since "anime" does not identify the country of origin in Japanese usage, "Japanimation" is used to distinguish Japanese work from that of the rest of the world.
In Japan, "manga" can refer to both एनीमेशन and comics. Among English speakers, "manga" has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the usage of "anime" in and outside of Japan. The term "ani-manga" is used to describe comics produced from एनीमेशन cels.
Visual characteristics:
Many commentators refer to ऐनीमे as an art form.[24] As a visual medium, it can emphasize visual styles. The styles can vary from artist to artist या from studio to studio. Some titles make extensive use of common stylization: FLCL, for example, has a reputation for wild, exaggerated stylization. Other titles use different methods: Only Yesterday या Jin-Roh take much और realistic approaches, featuring few stylistic exaggerations; पोकेमोन uses drawings which specifically do not distinguish the nationality of characters.[25]
While different titles and different artists have their own artistic styles, many stylistic elements have become so common that describe them as definitive of ऐनीमे in general. However, this does not mean that all modern ऐनीमे share one strict, common art-style. Many ऐनीमे have a very different art style from what would commonly be called "anime style", yet प्रशंसकों still use the word "anime" to refer to these titles. Generally, the most common form of ऐनीमे drawings include "exaggerated physical features such as large eyes, big hair and elongated limbs... and dramatically shaped speech bubbles, speed lines and onomatopoeic, exclamatory typography."[26]
The influences of Japanese calligraphy and Japanese painting also characterize linear qualities of the ऐनीमे style. The round ink brush traditionally used for लेखन kanji and for painting, produces a stroke of widely varying thickness.
ऐनीमे also tends to borrow many elements from manga, including text in the background and panel layouts. For example, an opening may employ मांगा panels to tell the story, या to dramatize a point for humorous effect. See for example the ऐनीमे Kare Kano.
