Musical Instruments
The great majority of musical instruments fall readily into one of six major categories: bowed strings, woodwind, brass, percussion, keyboard, and the गिटार family, the first four of which form the basis of the modern symphony orchestra
Bowed Strings
The four principle orchestral string instruments are (in descending order of संपूर्ण, कुल मिलाकर pitch) the violins (usually divided into two sections, playing individual parts), the violas, the cellos and the double basses. Each have four strings arranged in order of pitch, can be played द्वारा means of a bow (arco) या plucked (pizzicato), but whereas the violin and viola are played with the instrument resting between the shoulder and the chin, the larger cello (or, to give it its full title, violoncello) is placed facing outwards between and slightly behind the knees, and the bulky double बास is played standing up या seated on a high stool.
Enthusiasts of Medieval, Renaissance and early Baroque संगीत will encounter earlier varieties of bowed instruments known variously as vielle, viol, या in its earliest form, fidel (hence the modern nickname for a violin, 'fiddle'). The most लोकप्रिय member of the viol family is the cello's precursor, the viola da gamba (literally 'viol of the legs').
Woodwind
The four principle woodwind instruments of the orchestra all work द्वारा means of a system of keys (usually silver-plated) which when variously depressed and released allow air to pass through differing lengths of the instrument resulting in notes of different pitch. In order of descending संपूर्ण, कुल मिलाकर pitch, these are:
FluteFlute
a normally silver-plated (or in और extravagant cases, gold), narrow-bored instrument, held horizontally just under the mouth, and activated द्वारा blowing air across an aperture at one end of the instrument. Its higher-pitched cousin, the piccolo, is often encountered, although the lower alto flute rather less so. Early forebears include the unkeyed fife. The most लोकप्रिय close relation is the recorder family, largely unkeyed and end-blown in the vertical position.
OboeOboe
a narrow-bored wooden instrument descended from the medieval shawm, held vertically, and activated द्वारा means of placing the end-positioned double-reed in the mouth, and blowing under high-pressure so as to force air between the two bound reeds, causing them to vibrate. Other members of the oboe family include the lower pitched cor anglais (or English Horn), and (far और rarely) baritone oboe and heckelphone (bass oboe). The instrument's most famous predecessor is the Baroque oboe d'amore, often used द्वारा Johann Sebastian Bach.
ClarinetClarinet
like the oboe usually wooden, played vertically and held in the mouth, but with a wider bore and consisting of a single reed which when activated vibrates against a detachable mouthpiece. The standard instrument can be pitched in B flat (usually) या A, and the family is unusually extensive including the higher-pitched E flat, the B flat bass, the rarely-used C, the alto (a modern relative of the basset horn), and the even और obscure double-bass या 'pedal' clarinet. Occasionally the clarinet's 'popular' cousin can be seen in the संगीत कार्यक्रम hall, the saxophone.
BassoonBassoon
as the name would suggest, the बास member of the woodwind family, and द्वारा far the largest, especially its lower-pitched relation, the extremely bulky double या contra-bassoon. Like the oboe, it is a double-reed instrument, although to facilitate the playing action (the instrument is normally held across and in front of the body) it is connected to the अलगोजा, बेससून, bassoon via a silver-plated, curved crook. Its most notorious cousin is the Baroque serpent, shaped very much as its name would suggest.
Brass Instruments
Brass instruments are also activated द्वारा blowing into them, although instead of using a form of reed over which the mouth is placed, the lips are placed against या inside the cup of a metal mouthpiece, and made to vibrate against its inner rim. In order of descending pitch, these are:
TrumpetTrumpet
one of the most ancient of all instruments. Played horizontally via a series of valves on the चोटी, शीर्ष of the instrument which are opened and closed in various combinations to create different pitches. Occasionally, the piccolo (higher) या बास (lower) trumpets are heard (and the trumpet's 'popular' cousin, the cornet), although और common nowadays in 'authentic' Baroque orchestras (which use instruments of the correct period या copies thereof), is the 'natural' या valveless trumpet. The और notationally limited बिगुल, बग़ल is rarely heard away from its traditional military context.
French hornFrench horn
another ancient instrument, descended from the use of animals' horns (hence the name) in pre-historic times. The modern instrument is the most outwardly complex, consisting of a basic tube, rounded into a compact shape culminating in a conical bore या bell, into which a series of valves are centrally set. Before the valve system had been developed, the changing of basic pitch was facilitated द्वारा the insertion of a variety of crooks which altered the length of the basic tube, and the changing of certain notes द्वारा holding the hand in a variety of subtly differentiated positions within the bell. In a लोकप्रिय context the term 'horn' invariably refers to the saxophone, and for the cor anglais see 'oboe' under the woodwind section above. Traditionally, the French horn section is seated away from the rest of the brass family.
TromboneTrombone
descended from the medieval sackbutt, it is the only लोकप्रिय orchestral wind instrument which operates without the use of a valve या key system. The तुरही, ट्रॉम्बोन is easily recognisable द्वारा its extended elliptical shape culminating in a conical bore, and its distinctive use of a hand-operated slide held out in front, in order to change pitch. The slide can be moved to any one of seven main positions, each of which facilitate a different series of notes. The tenor and बास तुरही, ट्रॉम्बोन are occasionally seen (especially the latter), although the alto and double-bass are extreme rarities.
TubaTuba
not unlike the French horn in basic construction, only और oval in shape and much bigger. The piston valve action is similar to the trumpet, only the valves themselves are situated in the middle of the instrument. A variety of types and sizes exist aside from the typical संगीत कार्यक्रम instrument in F (bass tuba), including the tenor tuba (higher), and double-bass tuba (lower), often referred to as a bombardon in a military या brass band context.
Percussion instruments
A percussion instrument is probably best defined as one where a resonating surface is struck द्वारा the player, either द्वारा hand या द्वारा some form of stick. These divide roughly into tuned instruments which have a definite pitch या series of pitches, and those of indefinite pitch. लोकप्रिय examples of both types are:
TunedTuned
timpani या kettle drum, xylophone, glockenspiel, tubular bells, vibraphone, marimba. Occasionally, the पियानो and celesta (see left) are included in scores as part of the percussion section.
Indefinite pitchIndefinite pitch
triangle, gong, castanets, whip, rattle, anvil, tambourine, cymbals (struck and clashing), and a variety of drums (side, tenor, bass, tabor, bongo etc.).
Keyboard instruments
Conveniently collected together as any instrument which is operated द्वारा means of a standard keyboard, the differences in operation are wide-ranging and carry obvious associations with certain of the above categories. These break down into four main types:
Plucked
mostly instruments emanating from the 17th/18th centuries where a series of stretched and tuned strings are plucked द्वारा a quill या plectrum (e.g. harpsichord, virginal, spinet).
StruckStruck
where the strings are actually hit, either द्वारा a tangent (e.g. 17th/18th century clavichord), या hammers (e.g. piano, celesta).
AeratedAerated
where the notes are activated द्वारा a column of mechanically propelled air within a series of tuned pipes (e.g. organ).
Electronic
where a number of effects approximating to those derived from any of the above instruments, as well as totally original sounds, can be achieved (e.g. electronic organ, synthesizer).
गिटार family
गिटार family The 'classical' गिटार is typically a Spanish-derived, six-stringed instrument played using a plectrum या the finger-nails, with frets set into the fingerboard. लोकप्रिय संगीत tends to use amplification for both six-stringed instruments and the four-string बास guitar. The गिटार family gradually supplanted the वीणा, ल्यूट which had come to prominence during the Renaissance.
The great majority of musical instruments fall readily into one of six major categories: bowed strings, woodwind, brass, percussion, keyboard, and the गिटार family, the first four of which form the basis of the modern symphony orchestra
Bowed Strings
The four principle orchestral string instruments are (in descending order of संपूर्ण, कुल मिलाकर pitch) the violins (usually divided into two sections, playing individual parts), the violas, the cellos and the double basses. Each have four strings arranged in order of pitch, can be played द्वारा means of a bow (arco) या plucked (pizzicato), but whereas the violin and viola are played with the instrument resting between the shoulder and the chin, the larger cello (or, to give it its full title, violoncello) is placed facing outwards between and slightly behind the knees, and the bulky double बास is played standing up या seated on a high stool.
Enthusiasts of Medieval, Renaissance and early Baroque संगीत will encounter earlier varieties of bowed instruments known variously as vielle, viol, या in its earliest form, fidel (hence the modern nickname for a violin, 'fiddle'). The most लोकप्रिय member of the viol family is the cello's precursor, the viola da gamba (literally 'viol of the legs').
Woodwind
The four principle woodwind instruments of the orchestra all work द्वारा means of a system of keys (usually silver-plated) which when variously depressed and released allow air to pass through differing lengths of the instrument resulting in notes of different pitch. In order of descending संपूर्ण, कुल मिलाकर pitch, these are:
FluteFlute
a normally silver-plated (or in और extravagant cases, gold), narrow-bored instrument, held horizontally just under the mouth, and activated द्वारा blowing air across an aperture at one end of the instrument. Its higher-pitched cousin, the piccolo, is often encountered, although the lower alto flute rather less so. Early forebears include the unkeyed fife. The most लोकप्रिय close relation is the recorder family, largely unkeyed and end-blown in the vertical position.
OboeOboe
a narrow-bored wooden instrument descended from the medieval shawm, held vertically, and activated द्वारा means of placing the end-positioned double-reed in the mouth, and blowing under high-pressure so as to force air between the two bound reeds, causing them to vibrate. Other members of the oboe family include the lower pitched cor anglais (or English Horn), and (far और rarely) baritone oboe and heckelphone (bass oboe). The instrument's most famous predecessor is the Baroque oboe d'amore, often used द्वारा Johann Sebastian Bach.
ClarinetClarinet
like the oboe usually wooden, played vertically and held in the mouth, but with a wider bore and consisting of a single reed which when activated vibrates against a detachable mouthpiece. The standard instrument can be pitched in B flat (usually) या A, and the family is unusually extensive including the higher-pitched E flat, the B flat bass, the rarely-used C, the alto (a modern relative of the basset horn), and the even और obscure double-bass या 'pedal' clarinet. Occasionally the clarinet's 'popular' cousin can be seen in the संगीत कार्यक्रम hall, the saxophone.
BassoonBassoon
as the name would suggest, the बास member of the woodwind family, and द्वारा far the largest, especially its lower-pitched relation, the extremely bulky double या contra-bassoon. Like the oboe, it is a double-reed instrument, although to facilitate the playing action (the instrument is normally held across and in front of the body) it is connected to the अलगोजा, बेससून, bassoon via a silver-plated, curved crook. Its most notorious cousin is the Baroque serpent, shaped very much as its name would suggest.
Brass Instruments
Brass instruments are also activated द्वारा blowing into them, although instead of using a form of reed over which the mouth is placed, the lips are placed against या inside the cup of a metal mouthpiece, and made to vibrate against its inner rim. In order of descending pitch, these are:
TrumpetTrumpet
one of the most ancient of all instruments. Played horizontally via a series of valves on the चोटी, शीर्ष of the instrument which are opened and closed in various combinations to create different pitches. Occasionally, the piccolo (higher) या बास (lower) trumpets are heard (and the trumpet's 'popular' cousin, the cornet), although और common nowadays in 'authentic' Baroque orchestras (which use instruments of the correct period या copies thereof), is the 'natural' या valveless trumpet. The और notationally limited बिगुल, बग़ल is rarely heard away from its traditional military context.
French hornFrench horn
another ancient instrument, descended from the use of animals' horns (hence the name) in pre-historic times. The modern instrument is the most outwardly complex, consisting of a basic tube, rounded into a compact shape culminating in a conical bore या bell, into which a series of valves are centrally set. Before the valve system had been developed, the changing of basic pitch was facilitated द्वारा the insertion of a variety of crooks which altered the length of the basic tube, and the changing of certain notes द्वारा holding the hand in a variety of subtly differentiated positions within the bell. In a लोकप्रिय context the term 'horn' invariably refers to the saxophone, and for the cor anglais see 'oboe' under the woodwind section above. Traditionally, the French horn section is seated away from the rest of the brass family.
TromboneTrombone
descended from the medieval sackbutt, it is the only लोकप्रिय orchestral wind instrument which operates without the use of a valve या key system. The तुरही, ट्रॉम्बोन is easily recognisable द्वारा its extended elliptical shape culminating in a conical bore, and its distinctive use of a hand-operated slide held out in front, in order to change pitch. The slide can be moved to any one of seven main positions, each of which facilitate a different series of notes. The tenor and बास तुरही, ट्रॉम्बोन are occasionally seen (especially the latter), although the alto and double-bass are extreme rarities.
TubaTuba
not unlike the French horn in basic construction, only और oval in shape and much bigger. The piston valve action is similar to the trumpet, only the valves themselves are situated in the middle of the instrument. A variety of types and sizes exist aside from the typical संगीत कार्यक्रम instrument in F (bass tuba), including the tenor tuba (higher), and double-bass tuba (lower), often referred to as a bombardon in a military या brass band context.
Percussion instruments
A percussion instrument is probably best defined as one where a resonating surface is struck द्वारा the player, either द्वारा hand या द्वारा some form of stick. These divide roughly into tuned instruments which have a definite pitch या series of pitches, and those of indefinite pitch. लोकप्रिय examples of both types are:
TunedTuned
timpani या kettle drum, xylophone, glockenspiel, tubular bells, vibraphone, marimba. Occasionally, the पियानो and celesta (see left) are included in scores as part of the percussion section.
Indefinite pitchIndefinite pitch
triangle, gong, castanets, whip, rattle, anvil, tambourine, cymbals (struck and clashing), and a variety of drums (side, tenor, bass, tabor, bongo etc.).
Keyboard instruments
Conveniently collected together as any instrument which is operated द्वारा means of a standard keyboard, the differences in operation are wide-ranging and carry obvious associations with certain of the above categories. These break down into four main types:
Plucked
mostly instruments emanating from the 17th/18th centuries where a series of stretched and tuned strings are plucked द्वारा a quill या plectrum (e.g. harpsichord, virginal, spinet).
StruckStruck
where the strings are actually hit, either द्वारा a tangent (e.g. 17th/18th century clavichord), या hammers (e.g. piano, celesta).
AeratedAerated
where the notes are activated द्वारा a column of mechanically propelled air within a series of tuned pipes (e.g. organ).
Electronic
where a number of effects approximating to those derived from any of the above instruments, as well as totally original sounds, can be achieved (e.g. electronic organ, synthesizer).
गिटार family
गिटार family The 'classical' गिटार is typically a Spanish-derived, six-stringed instrument played using a plectrum या the finger-nails, with frets set into the fingerboard. लोकप्रिय संगीत tends to use amplification for both six-stringed instruments and the four-string बास guitar. The गिटार family gradually supplanted the वीणा, ल्यूट which had come to prominence during the Renaissance.
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